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08 May 2012, Volume 39 Issue 5 Previous IssueNext Issue

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Autophagy and cancer WANG Jun 2012, 39 (5): 323-326. Abstract( 835) PDF(746KB) ( 2384) Save Autophagy is a dynamic process which subcellular membranes undergo morphological changes that lead to the degradation of cellular cytoplasmic organelles and macromolecules. It is regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)dependent or independent signaling pathways. It has been demonstrated that autophagy is induced or inhibited in various tumor cells, and it is closely related with cell survival and drug resistance. Because of the complex relationships with cell death, the roles of autophagy in cancer development, treatment, and drugresistance are not the same, and thus controlling autophagy properly may become one of new means of cancer therapy. Related Articles|Metrics

Neoplasms-associated autophagy signaling pathways LIN Sheng-ming 2012, 39 (5): 326-329. Abstract( 883) PDF(753KB) ( 2405) Save Autophagy is a cellular catabolic pathway that is essential for survival, differentiation, development and homeostasis. The dual roles of autophagy as a tumorpromoting mechanism and a tumor suppressor mechanism have been elucidated in the recent cancer research. The double function is accomplished by some neoplasmsassociated signaling pathways which include mTORdependent signaling pathway, Beclin1 network, LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway, p53 and p53related regulators of autophagy. Thus it can be seen that these signaling pathways function dependently and correlatively as inducing and inhibiting autophagy and play different roles in the process that involves growth and development of neoplasms. Related Articles|Metrics

Advances of miR-221/222 in tumors DONG Ling-yi 2012, 39 (5): 330-333. Abstract( 1140) PDF(668KB) ( 2080) Save Because of the characteristics of microRNAs (miRNAs) and their important regulative roles in human tumor diseases, they may be novel approaches for gene target therapy. Most studies focus on finding critical regulator miRNAs of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Recent researches show that the expression of miR-221 and miR-222 are abnormal, and they play different roles in different types of human tumors. The regulation of miR-221 and miR-222 may be a novel effective therapy for tumor. Related Articles|Metrics

MicroRNA and cancer QIU Zhenhua 2012, 39 (5): 333-337. Abstract( 765) PDF(677KB) ( 1910) Save Related researches found that there exist relative specific microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns in the blood or urine of patients with tumor, and miRNA in the blood and urine are stable and reproducible. Therefore, miRNA can serve as nontraumatic biological markers for the early diagnosis, individualized treatment, prognosis monitoring or followup of cancer. Related Articles|Metrics

Regulation of cyclin E and cancers GUO Cui-ping 2012, 39 (5): 337-340. Abstract( 817) PDF(670KB) ( 2110) Save Cyclin E is expressed starting from the middle G1 phase of the cell cycle, and is accumulated in the G1/S boundry. Cyclin E binds to and activates the cyclindependent kinase CDK2. Cyclin E-CDK2 complex initiates a cascade of events that leads to DNA replication by phosphorylating its substrates, such as Rb, CDC6, NPAT and P107, etc. Additionally, cyclin E plays an important role in the regulation of genomic stability, spindleorganizing structure and centrosome cycle. Cyclin E expression is transactivated by members of the transcription factor E2F family and degrades via the ubiquitinproteasome pathway. At the same time, it is also negatively regulated by the CIP/KIP proteins. Cyclin E highly expressed in the initiation and progression of different human cancers, such as breast cancers, lung cancers, leukemia, lymphomas and others. Related Articles|Metrics

Astrocyte elevated gene 1 in malignant tumor DU Cheng 2012, 39 (5): 341-344. Abstract( 760) PDF(667KB) ( 1573) Save Recent studies suggest that astrocyte elevated gene 1 (AEG-1) is almost highly expressed in all types of malignant solid tumors and correlates with poor prognosis, which becomes a prognostic marker for many kinds of tumors. As a strongly basic protein, AEG-1 possesses a transmembrane domain and multiple nuclear localization signals. It is present in the cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. As an oncogene, AEG-1 palys an important role in a virety of malignant biological behaviors of cancer, which range from cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, adhesion, invasion to tumor angiogenesis and chemotherapy resistance. Its critical role in tumor genesis and progression has made it a potential therapeutic target. Related Articles|Metrics

Cytokineinduced killer cells in cancer treatment LIANG Xue-feng 2012, 39 (5): 344-347. Abstract( 819) PDF(668KB) ( 2125) Save Cytokineinduced killer cells (CIK) is the fourth largest cancer treatment after surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and it is the development direction of cancer treatment. It is a new type of immune cell, and it is named after natural killer cell samples T lymphocytes as it express CD3 and CD56. Currently, CIK treatment has a broader range of clinical applications, and it has achieved the better clinical efficacy in the blood system cancer and solid tumors. The CIK adoptive immunotherapy is considered to be a new hope for the anticancer treatment. Related Articles|Metrics

Anti-tumor mechanism of CIK cells and research WANG Chun-hua 2012, 39 (5): 348-351. Abstract( 856) PDF(667KB) ( 2299) Save Cytokineinduced killer (CIK) cells are T lymphocytes which have natural killer cell activity and antitumor activity. It is found that CIK cells play an important role in killing tumor cells by secreting cytotoxic granules and cytokines, activating NKG2D receptor and regulating oncogene expression. CIK cells can not only kill the tumor cells, but also can improve immune system and the quality of life of patients. A large number of studies have shown that CIK treatment is a new mode of cancer treatment without obvious adverse reactions and can be widely applied in clinical treatment. Related Articles|Metrics

Angiopoietin2 and tumor angiogenesis ZHENG An-hong 2012, 39 (5): 352-355. Abstract( 659) PDF(667KB) ( 1743) Save Tumor angiogenesis is an important way of rapid proliferation and metastasis for malignancies, and a variety of cellular and molecular factors involved in the process. Angiopoietin-2（Ang-2） is one of the important vascular endothelial growth factor, which influences tumor angiogenesis mainly through releasing vascular structures and damaging the vessel stability. Recent researches reveal that Ang-2 modulates tumor angiogenesis interacting with other vascular growth factors. With the new research progress, Ang-2 will not only be an important target for antiangiogenic therapy, but also further improve clinical efficacy of antitumor therapy combined with other signal pathways as common targets. Related Articles|Metrics

Mechanism and treatment associated with resistance to EGFRTKI XU Qiu-yi 2012, 39 (5): 355-359. Abstract( 933) PDF(678KB) ( 2156) Save Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) has impressive clinical efficacy in EGFRmutant nonsmall cell lung cancer. However, there are still some patients with primary resistance to TKI. And most patients who initially respond to treatment eventually develop resistance to these drugs, which the main molecular mechanisms are T790M and MET amplification. The new targeted therapies and combination drugs to overcome drug resistance is the subject of clinical research. Related Articles|Metrics

Drug resistance related factors and cancer metastasis HUANG Zi-qi 2012, 39 (5): 359-362. Abstract( 793) PDF(669KB) ( 1531) Save As multidrug resistance related genes and cell factors are discovered one after another, people have a more thorough understanding to the oncological mechanisms of cancer metastasis. Many evidences of the inherent link between the two tips have been found. These researches provide new ideas to further clarify the regulation mechanisms between them. It is revealed that the inherent link maybe occur on the gene expression and transcription, and with complicated regulative factors. Indepth study of the relations between cancer multidrug resistance and metastasis will help to guide the clinical treatment of tumor. Related Articles|Metrics

Mechanisms of oxaliplatin neurotoxicity and its predictions WANG Yang 2012, 39 (5): 366-369. Abstract( 1023) PDF(670KB) ( 2365) Save As the main drug in colorectal cancer chemotherapy, oxaliplatin is gradually infiltrated into other malignancies therapy. But oxaliplatininduced peripheral neuropathy limits its clinical application. The mechanisms of oxaliplatin neurotoxicity are not yet clear. Recent researches show that the acute neurotoxicity of oxaliplatin is mediated through changes in Na+ transient conductances. And the function of the mitogenactivated protein kinases in chronic neuropathy has already been demonstrated in vitro. Furthermore, numerous indicators can be used to predict oxaliplatininduced peripheral neuropathy, which bring the hope for improving the continuity of chemotherapy and realizing personalized medicine therapy. Related Articles|Metrics

Exhaled volatile organic compounds detection in cancer diagnosis HONG Jian 2012, 39 (5): 370-373. Abstract( 835) PDF(665KB) ( 2178) Save Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals which can exist in the form of vapor at room temperature. Endogenous VOCs can be produced by different biochemical processes in the human body. They can be transfered to lung through bloodstream and released through breath. Many researches show that exhaled VOCs can be significantly changed when people suffering cancers or inflammation. Detecting exhaled VOCs through instrument with high sensitivity make it possible to detect cancers in early phase in a noninvasive and rapid way, which reduce the suffering of patients. In conclusion, exhaled VOCs detection is a promising method for early diagnosis of cancers. Related Articles|Metrics

Treatment of recurrent small cell lung cancer SHAO Lan 2012, 39 (5): 373-376. Abstract( 837) PDF(671KB) ( 1963) Save Smallcell lung cancer (SCLC) relapses in the majority of patients, even though most patients respond to firstline therapy. Subsequent therapy can provide significant palliation and prolongation of survival for many patients. At present, topotecan is considered the standard secondline chemotherapy. Recently, amrubicin has also shown more favorable antitumor activity, and is the most promising at present. Unfortunately, targeted agents have failed to demonstrate effectiveness for SCLC. Related Articles|Metrics

Basal-like breast cancer LI Sheng-lan 2012, 39 (5): 377-380. Abstract( 1451) PDF(668KB) ( 2162) Save Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is a basal cell phenotype and associated with different levels of expression in basal cell keratin and (or) myoepithelial markers in breast cancer, which has a unique genetic phenotype and morphological characteristics. BLBC is prevalent in young woman, and it is easy to relapse and metastasis. Additionally, most BLBC has expression loss of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, which limits the targeted therapeutic options for these predominantly triple-negative breast cancers. Related Articles|Metrics

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in digestive system tumors XU Chun-hong 2012, 39 (5): 380-383. Abstract( 655) PDF(666KB) ( 1742) Save Recent studies show that tumor cells get rid of the connections between cells, and induce tumor invasion and metastasis through epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT becomes an important way to invasion, metastasis and chemotherapy resistance of epithelial cell carcinoma which accounting for more than 90% of malignant carcinomas. Members of Snail family, especially Snail is regarded as important adjustment factor of EMT, which induce the transformation from epithelial cell to mesenchymal phenotype through competitive inhibition Ecalcium protein gene expression. Many researches show that EMT exists widely in digestive system tumors, which is closly related to the invasion, metastasis and chemotherapy resistance of digestive system tumors. Related Articles|Metrics

Hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor in multiple myeloma HU Cheng-lin 2012, 39 (5): 384-386. Abstract( 764) PDF(661KB) ( 1745) Save Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a multifunctional cytokine, plays a biological role through acting on the cell surface transmembrane receptor c-Met. The growth, invasion and metastasis of many tumors are associated with the abnormalities of HGFc-Met signaling pathway. Studies found that HGF and its receptor c-Met have close relations with the occurrence, metastasis, invasion and prognosis of multiple myeloma. Related Articles|Metrics

Expression of COX-2 and survivin protein in elderly patients with gastric cancer and its metastasis and prognosis GU Hua-ping 2012, 39 (5): 387-390. Abstract( 724) PDF(820KB) ( 1552) Save Objective To investigate the expression of adhesion molecules cyclooxygenase-2（COX-2）and survivin protein in elderly patients with gastric cancer and their relationship with the pathological behavior and prognosis. Methods Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of COX-2 and survivin protein in 60 cases of elderly patients with gastric carcinoma, 30 cases of gastric epithelial dysplasia and 20 cases of normal gastric mucosa.The study was also combinedwith analysis of the pathological behavior and clinical followup survey of elderly patients with gastric carcinoma. Results The positive expression rates of COX-2 and survivin protein in elderly patients with gastric carcinoma were 63.3% (38/60) and 70.0% (42/60), respectively. The positive rates of COX-2 and survivin in elderly patients with gastric carcinoma were higher than that in epithelial dysplasia and normal gastric mucosa（P<0.05）. The expression of COX-2 and survivin were closely related to the infiltration of serosa, metastasis of lymph node and prognosis of patients (P<0.05). Conclusion The expression of COX-2 and survivin are closely related to carcinogenesis, metastasis and survival time in elderly patients with gastric carcinoma. Detecting the expression of COX-2 and survivin may be prognostic indicators of elderly patients with gastric carcinoma. Related Articles|Metrics

Dosimetric difference in RapidArc planning for radiotherapy of multiple hepatic malignancy using different photon energy GONG Guan-zhong 2012, 39 (5): 391-395. Abstract( 786) PDF(675KB) ( 1782) Save Objective To investigate the dosimetric difference in the application of RapidArc using 6 and 15 MV X-rays for radiotherapy of multiple hepatic malignancy. Methods A total of 12 cases with multiple hepatic tumors (primary 5 cases and secondary 7 cases) were selected. All patients underwent the three dimensional CT simulation in free breathing. For each patient, RapidArc plans with single or two 358° arcs using 6 or 15 MV X-rays were designed respectively, the prescription dose was 2Gy per fraction×25 fractions. The dosimetric differences were compared among RapidArc plans. Results All of RapidArc plans could meet the clinical requirement. There were no significant differences in the conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI), the maximum dose and the minimum dose of PTV among RapidArc plans (P>0.05). All the CI could get to 0.91 and HI could get to 0.88. In the RapidArc plans with two 358° arcs, the V5, V10, V15 of normal liver were higher than with single arc, while V20, V25, V30, V35, V40 were lower than with single arc. There were no significant differences in the different radiation dose of normal liver, stomach, duodenum and spinal cord among different plans (P>0.05). The monitor units of RapidArc plans using 6 MV X-rays increased 12% compared to 15 MV averagely. Conclusion The 6 MV X-ray would be selected chiefly in the radiotherapy of multiple haptic tumor using RapidArc with whole arc(s). Related Articles|Metrics

Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and the risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review ZOU Xi 2012, 39 (5): 395-400. Abstract( 652) PDF(981KB) ( 1475) Save Objective To evaluate the association between Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and risk of colorectal cancer. Methods Extensive searches of relevant studies on datebase like PubMed, EMCC and CNKI were performed. Case control studies involving unrelated subjects and genotype frequencies in control group consistent with HardyWeinberg equilibrium were included for the metaanalysis. Twentythree casecontrol studies with 6 344 cases and 9 018 controls were analyzed by the fixedeffect or randomeffect metaanalysis method. The metaanalysis was applied with RevMan 5.0 software for heterogeneity test. AA and GA were compared with those with GG genotype. Pooled ORvalue and 95% confidence interval(CI) were calculated. Results There were statistical differences between AA & GA and GG. The pooled ORvalue was 1.10 (95%CI：1.01~1.19, P=0.02). The values were analyzed hierarchically according to different populations. The pooled OR value of Asian was 1.11（95%CI：0.98~1.26, P=0.11）. The pooled OR value of American was 1.13（95%CI：0.97~1.32, P=0.12）. The pooled ORvalue of European was 1.06（95%CI：0.89~1.25, P=0.52）. The pooled ORvalue of Oceanian was 1.05（95%CI：0.80~1.38, P=0.73）. The values were analyzed hierarchically according to the comparison basis. The pooled ORvalue of hospitalbased was 1.07（95%CI：0.95~1.20,P=0.28）. The pooled ORvalue of populationbased was 1.13（95%CI：1.01~1.26, P=0.04）. Conclusion The Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism is correlated with the susceptibility of colorectal cancer risk at the aggregate level analysis. Analysis by different methods: according to different populations, every group don′t support the correlation. According to comparison basis, there has no correlation in hospitalbased group, but there has correlation in populationbased group. Related Articles|Metrics